Endnotes

1 TRUSTe, 2012 TRUSTe US Consumer Data Privacy Survey, http://www.truste.com/us-consumer-data-privacy-study/.

2 Andrew Cunningham, Samsung and Jay-Z give the Internet a master’s class in how not to make an app, Ars Technica, Jul. 5, 2013, http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/07/samsung-and-jay-z-give-the-intern... Lisa Vaas, Jay-Z’s ‘Magna Carta’ mobile app is too snoopy, privacy advocates complain, nakedsecurity, July 19, 2013, https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2013/07/19/jay-zs-magna-carta-mobile-ap... Samsung “Jay-Z ‘Magna Carta’ App”, epic.org, https://epic.org/samsung_jay-z_magna_carta_app.html; Keith Nelson Jr, Samsung Defends Jay-Z App, Says They Are Not Spying on Customers, All Hip Hop News, July 17, 2013, http://allhiphop.com/2013/07/17/samsung-defends-jay-z-app-says-they-are-....

3 Alan Eustace, WiFi Data Collection: An Update, Google Official Blog, May 14, 2010 (updated June 9, 2010), http://googleblog.blogspot. co.uk/2010/05/wifi-data-collection-update.html; Mathew J. Schwartz, Google Street View Pursued Wardriving by Design, Info. Week, Apr. 30, 2012, http://www.informationweek.com/security/ privacy/google-street-view-pursued-wardriving-by/232901164; Chloe Albanesius, Canada Begins Google Wi-Fi Investigation, PCMag.com. June 2, 2010, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2364547,00. asp; Curt Hopkins, Australia Latest Country to Investigate Google, ReadWriteWeb, June 6, 2010, http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/ australia_latest_country_to_investigate_google.php; Peter Sayer, Google Street View Faces Investigation in France and Italy, Macworld, May 19, 2010, http://www.macworld.com/article/1151356/google_streetview.html; Kevin J. O’Brien, Germany Investigates Google’s Data Collecting, N.Y. Times, May 19, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/business/global/20google.html; Ben Kersey, Google Street View Privacy Case Reopened in UK, SlashGear, June 13, 2012, http://www.slashgear.com/google-street-view-privacy-case-reopened-in-uk-....

4 Jan Lauren Boyles, Aaron Smith, and Mary Madden, Privacy and Data Management on Mobile Devices, Pew Research Center, Sept. 5, 2012, http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/09/05/privacy-and-data-management-on-mob....

5 Jason D. O’Grady, Path Discovered Phoning Home with Your Address Book, ZDNet, Feb. 7, 2012, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/apple/path-discovered-phoning-home-with-your-a... Meghan Kelly, Path, Apple, Facebook Named in Mobile Privacy Class-Action Lawsuit, VentureBeat, Mar. 17, 2012, http://venturebeat. com/2012/03/17/apple-address-book-lawsuit/; Arum Thampi, Path Uploads Your Entire iPhone Address Book to Its Servers, Feb. 8, 2012, http://mclov.in/2012/02/08/path-uploads-your-entire-address-book-to-thei... (comment of Dave Morin, Co-Founder and CEO of Path); Dave Morin, We Are Sorry, Feb. 8, 2012, http://blog.path.com/post/17274932484/we-are-sorry; Mike Isaac, Path CEO: “We Thought We Were Doing This Right,” Gadget Lab, Feb. 8, 2012, http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/02/path-dave-morin-explains-data/; Press Release, Path Social Networking App Settles FTC Charges it Deceived Consumers and Improperly Collected Personal Information from Users’ Mobile Address Books, Feb. 1, 2013, available at https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/02/path-social-netwo....

6 Alasdair Allan, Got an iPhone or 3G iPad? Apple is Recording Your Moves, O’Reilly Radar, Apr. 20, 2011, http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/04/apple-location-tracking.html; See Rip Emerson, The Mobile Privacy Hearings: Senators Prod, Apple and Google Defend, TechCrunch, May 12, 2011, http://techcrunch. com/2011/05/12/the-mobile-privacy-hearings-senators-prod-apple-and-google-defend/; Ed Silverstein, U.S. Senate to Hold Second Hearing on Mobile Privacy Issues, TMCnet, May 17, 2011, http://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/175807-us-senate-hold-second-heari... FCC, FTC Ask Apple, Google to Visit Forum on Mobile Location, electronista, May 17, 2011, http://www.electronista.com/ articles/11/05/17/fcc.and.ftc.to.hold.mobile.location.forum/; Karen Gullo, Apple Accused in Suit of Tracking iPad, iPhone User Location, Bloomberg, Apr. 25, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-25/apple-accused-in-suit-of-tracki.... html; Miguel Helft, Jobs Says Apple Made Mistakes, N.Y. Times, Apr. 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/technology/28apple.html.

7 Ernesto, How Long Does Your ISP Store IP-Address Logs?, TorrentFreak, June 29, 2012, http://torrentfreak.com/how-long-does-your-isp-store-ip-address-logs-120... Andy Greenberg, CEO of Internet Provider Sonic.net: We Delete User Logs After Two Weeks. Your Internet Provider Should, Too., Forbes, June 6, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/06/22/ceo-of-internet-pro....

8 Racism is Poisoning Online Ad Delivery, Says Harvard Professor, MIT Technology Review, Feb. 4, 2013, http://www.technologyreview.com/view/510646/racism-is-poisoning-online-a... Google searches expose racial bias, says study of names, BBC, Feb. 4, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-21322183.

9 See Electronic Frontier Foundation, Best Practices for Online Service Providers, June 2008, http://www.eff.org/wp/osp; Alissa Cooper, A Survey of Query Log Privacy-Enhancing Techniques from a Policy Perspective, 2(4) ACM TRANS. WEB (Oct. 2008), http://cdt.org/privacy/10012008acooper. pdf.

10 Ryan Singel, Netflix Spilled Your Brokeback Mountain Secret, Lawsuit Claims, Wired, Dec. 17, 2009, http://www.wired.com/2009/12/netflix-privacy-lawsuit/; Docket Entry 13, Doe v. Netflix Inc., No. 5:09-cv-05903-JW (N.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2010).

11 Ca. Civil Code § 1798.81 (2012).

12 Testimony of Alex Stamos, Vice President of Information Security at Yahoo! Inc. Before the Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, May 15, 2014, available at http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/?id=4e8640d6-d7bf-4bb4-bdff-db39f41....

13 “Huge step forward for encrypting the web, as #Facebook announces they're moving all users to HTTPS by default,” @EFF, Nov. 10, 2012, https://twitter.com/EFF/status/270629232768606208; Lucian Constantin, Facebook to roll out HTTPS by default to all users, ComputerWorld, Nov. 20, 2012, http://www.computerworld.com/article/2493344/data-security/facebook-to-r... Jared Newman, In the wake of NSA spying, Yahoo promises encryption everywhere, PC World, Nov. 18, 2013, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2064507/in-the-wake-of-nsa-spying-yahoo-p....

14 Sean Gallagher, CloudFlare gives Internet a present: free, no-hassle “Universal” SSL, Ars Technica, Sept. 29, 2014, http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/09/cloudflare-gives-i... Salvador Rodriguez, Start-up CloudFlare to offer free HTTPS encryptions for websites, LA Times, Aug. 8, 2014, available at http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-cloudflare-free-http... Lucian Armasu, Huge: Cloudflare’s Free SSL Service Brings Encrypted-By-Default Web Closer Than Ever, Tom’s Hardware, Sept. 29, 2014, http://www.tomshardware.com/news/cloudflare-security-encryption-ssl-http... Matthew Prince, Introducing Universal SSL, Sept. 24, 2014, https://blog.cloudflare.com/introducing-universal-ssl/.

15 Building consumer trust: Protecting personal data in the consumer product industry, Deloitte University Press, 2014, available at https://d2mtr37y39tpbu.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DUP_970....

16 Cyrus Favivar, Apple expands data encryption under iOS 8, making handover to cops moot, Ars Technica, Sep. 17, 2014, http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/09/apple-expands-data-encryption-under... Tom Gillis, Apple’s iOS 8 Lets Users Just “Trust the Math,” Forbes, Oct. 14, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomgillis/2014/10/14/apples-ios-8-lets-users... Kevin Poulsen, Apple’s iPhone Encryption is a Godsend, Even if Cops Hate It, Wired, Oct. 8, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/10/golden-key/.

17 Admin, Grindr and Blendr Hacked and Hackable; “No Real Security,” Observer Innovation, Jan. 1, 2012, http://observer.com/2012/01/grindr-and-blendr-hacked-and-hackable-no-rea... Graham Cluley, Hacker exposes Grindr users’ intimate information and explicit photos, naked security, Jan. 20, 2012, https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2012/01/20/grindr-hack/.

18 See Building consumer trust: Protecting personal data in the consumer product industry, Deloitte University Press, 2014, available at https://d2mtr37y39tpbu.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DUP_970....

19 Kashmir Hill, Fitbit Moves Quickly After Users’ Sex Stats Exposed, Forbes.com, Jul. 5, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/07/05/fitbit-moves-quickly-....

20 Tom Krazit, How Blippy Users’ Credit Cards Got into Google, CNet News, Apr. 23, 2010, http://news.cnet.com/8301-30684_3-20003332-265. Html; Nicholas Carlson, Warning: Blippy User’s Debit Card Numbers Still Appearing in Google, Bus. Insider, Apr. 24, 2010, http://articles. businessinsider.com/2010-04-24/tech/29974853_1_blippy-card-google-representative; Blippy Issues, Resolutions, Plan, Apr. 26, 2010, http://blog.blippy.com/2010/04/26/blippy-issues-resolutions-plan/; Alexia Tsotsis, The End of Blippy As We Know It, TechCrunch, May 19, 2011, available at http://techcrunch.com/2011/05/19/the-end-of-blippy-as-we-know-it/.

21 Maura Dolan, S.F. city attorney sues MeetMe.com, saying site puts minors at risk, L.A. Times, Feb. 3, 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/03/local/la-me-ln-meet-me-suit-2014... Complaint, People v. MeetMe, Inc., No. CGC-14-537126 (Cal. Sup. Ct. Feb. 3, 2014); Danielle White, MeetMe Resolve Safety Complaint With Better Protection Of Minors, Global Dating Insights, Aug. 24, 2015, http://globaldatinginsights.com/21082015-meetme-resolves-safety-complain.... 

22 Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510–2522 (2012).

23 U.S. Dep’t Health & Human Services, Who Must Comply with HIPAA Privacy Standards, Dec. 19, 2002, http://www.hhs.gov/hipaafaq/ about/190.html.

24 Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988, 18 U.S.C. § 2710 (2012).

25 Children’s Online Privacy Protect Act of 1998, 15 U.S.C. §§ 6501–6506 (2012).

26 Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 et seq. (2012); see also Electronic Privacy Information Center, Right to Financial Privacy Act, http://epic.org/privacy/rfpa/.

27 Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681–81u (2012); see also Electronic Privacy Information Center, The Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Privacy of Your Credit Report, http://epic.org/privacy/fcra/.

28 Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a (2012).

29 Drivers Privacy Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2721–25 (2012); see also Electronic Privacy Information Center, The Drivers Privacy Protection Act and the Privacy of Your State Motor Vehicle Record, http://epic.org/privacy/drivers/.

30 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1232g.

31 Xanga.com to Pay $1 Million for Violating Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule, FTC, Sept. 7, 2006, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2006/09/xangacom-pay-1-mi....

32 Press Release, Yelp, TinyCo Settle FTC Charges Their Apps Improperly Collected Children’s Personal Information, Federal Trade Commission, Sept. 17, 2014, available at https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/09/yelp-tinyco-settl....

33 Johana Bhuiyan and Charlie Warzel, “God View”: Uber Investigates Its Top New York Executive for Privacy Violations, Buzzfeed, Nov. 18, 2014, http://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-is-investigating-its-top-new-... Douglas McMillan, Sen. Al Franken Demands Answers From Uber on Privacy, ‘God View’ Tool, Wall St. J., Nov. 19, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/11/19/sen-al-franken-demands-answers-from-uber-on-privacy-god-tool/; Mike Issac, Uber Pledges to Improve Data Privacy Practices, NY Times, Jan. 30, 2015, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/uber-pledges-to-improve-data-pr....

34 Owen Thomas, Why Facebook Employees Are Profiling Users, Valleywag, Oct. 29, 2007, http://gawker.com/316469/why-facebook-employees-are-profiling-users.

35 Corporate Data: A Protected Asset or a Ticking Time Bomb, Ponemon Institute LLC, Dec. 2014, available at http://info.varonis.com/hs-fs/hub/142972/file-2194864500-pdf/ponemon-dat....

36 For example, in June 2015 the FTC released Start with Security: A Guide for Business, which spells out 10 common mistakes that led to FTC enforcement actions in the past and identifies best practices to avoid making the same mistakes in the future. Federal Trade Commission, Start with Security: A Guide for Business (June 2015), available at https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/plain-language/pdf0205-startw....

37 Chris Morran, Report: Citi Knew About Credit Card Hack for Weeks Before Going Public, Consumerist, June 13, 2011, http://consumerist. com/2011/06/report-citi-knew-about-credit-card-hack-for-weeks-before-going-public.html; Nelson D. Schwartz and Eric Dash, Thieves Found Citigroup Site an Easy Entry, N.Y. Times, June 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes. com/2011/06/14/technology/14security.html.

38 Mike Lennon, Massive Breach at Epsilon Compromises Customer Lists of Major Brands, Security Week, Apr. 2, 2011, http://www.securityweek.com/massive-breach-epsilon-compromises-customer-... Tony Bradley, Lessons Learned from the Epsilon Data Breach, PC World, http://www.pcworld.com/article/224615/lessons_learned_from_the_epsilon_d... (last visited Nov. 13, 2015); Fahmida Y. Rashid, Epsilon Data Breach to Cost Billions in Worst-Case Scenario, E-Week, May 3, 2011, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Epsilon-Data-Breach-to-Cost-Billions-i... Mary Helen Miller, E-mail breach at Epsilon may prove costly, Christian Science Monitor, Apr. 4, 2011, http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2011/0404/E-mail-breach-at-Epsilon-may....

39 Michael Riley, Ben Elgin, Dune Lawrence, and Carol Matlack, Missed Alarms and 40 Million Stolen Credit Card Numbers: How Target Blew It, Bloomberg Business, Mar. 13, 2014, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-03-13/target-missed-alarms-in-... Target’s Lack of CISO Was ‘Root Cause’ of Systems Breach, Wall St. J. Sept. 30, 2014, available at http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/09/30/targets-lack-of-ciso-was-root-cause-....

40 Mathew J. Schwartz, LinkedIn Users: Change Password Now, Info. Week, June 6, 2012, http://www.informationweek.com/security/attacks/ linkedin-users-change-password-now/240001623; Nicole Perlroth, Lax Security at LinkedIn Is Laid Bare, N.Y. Times, June 10, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/technology/linkedin-breach-exposes-lig....

41 Hackerone.com/twitter.com

42 Graham Starr, Tesla Model S hacked, but vulnerability is already fixed, says company, Christian Science Monitor, Aug. 6, 2015, http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/0806/Tesla-Model-S-hacked-but-v....

43 Kim Zetter, With Lock Research, Another Battle Brews in the War Over Security Holes, Wired, May 6, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/05/lock-research-another-battle-brews-war-secu... Dan Goodin, Lawyers threaten researcher over key-cloning bug in high-security lock, Ars Technica, May 5, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/05/lawyers-threaten-researcher-over....

44 National Conference of State Legislatures, State Security Breach Notification Laws, http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technolo....

45 Press Release, Uber Statement, Feb. 27, 2015, http://newsroom.uber.com/2015/02/uber-statement/; Douglas McMillian and Danny Yadron, Uber Breach Affecting 50,000 Drivers Went Unreported for Months, Wall St. J., Feb. 27, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/02/27/uber-breach-exposes-50000-driver-... James Covert, Cabbies call for investigation of Uber data breach, New York Post, Mar. 3, 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/03/03/nyc-taxis-after-uber-for-data-breach/; Rebecca Lee, Uber under fire over data breach for up to 50,000 drivers, PBS NewsHour, Feb. 28, 2015, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/uber-data-breach-compromise-security... Daniel Wiessner , Uber sued over driver data breach, adding to legal woes, Reuters, Mar. 13, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-lawsuit-uber-breach-idUSKBN....

46 Audrey Watters, Almost 1 Month Later, Sony Playstation Network Coming Back on Line, ReadWriteWeb, May 14, 2011, http://www. readwriteweb.com/archives/almost_1_month_later_sony_playstation_network_comi.php; Ian Sherr, Hackers Breach Second Sony Service, Wall St. J., May 2, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487044360045762994 91191920416.html; Nate Anderson, House Hearing Blasts Sony’s “Half-Hearted, Half-Baked” Hack Response, Ars Technica: Law & Disorder, May 4, 2011, http:// arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/05/house-hearing-blasts-sonys-half-hearted-half-baked-hack-response/; Erica Ogg, Sony Sued for Playstation Network Data Breach, CNet News, Apr. 27, 2011, http://news.cnet.com/8301-31021_3-20057921-260. html.

47 California Data Breach Report, California Attorney General, October 2014, https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/privacy/2014data_breach_rp....

48 See Cal. Civil Code §§ 22575-22579.

49 Gordon Gottsegen, You Can’t Do Squat About Spotify’s Eerie New Privacy Policy, Wired, Aug. 20, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/08/cant-squat-spotifys-eerie-new-privacy-policy/; Daniel Ek, SORRY., Spotify Blog, Aug. 21, 2015, https://news.spotify.com/us/2015/08/21/sorry-2/; Ashlee Kieler, New Spotify Privacy Policy Aims To Provide “Plain Language” Explanation For Collected Data, Consumerist, Sept. 4, 2015, http://consumerist.com/2015/09/04/new-spotify-privacy-policy-aims-to-pro....

50 Privacy, http://duckduckgo.com/privacy.html; Chris Johnston, DuckDuckGo traffic soars in wake of Snowden revelations, The Guardian, June 17, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/17/duckduckgo-traffic-sno... Robin Wauters, Union Square Ventures, Others Invest in Alternative Search Engine DuckDuckGo, TechCrunch, Oct. 13, 2011, http:// techcrunch.com/2011/10/13/union-square-ventures-invests-in-alternative-search-engine-duckduckgo/.

51 G.S. Hans, Lookout’s Open Source Privacy Policy Could Change the Game on Mobile App Transparency, Center for Democracy and Technology Blog, Mar. 27, 2014, https://cdt.org/blog/lookouts-open-source-privacy-policy-could-change-th... Kate Tummarello, Apps look to simplify privacy notices, The Hill, Mar. 14, 2014, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/200818-apps-look-to-simplify-privac... Angelique Carson, Lookout Releases Free, Open-Source Short Form Privacy Policy, IAPP Blog, Mar. 14, 2014, https://iapp.org/news/a/lookout-releases-free-open-source-short-form-pri....

52 Jim Finkle, U.S. urges removing Superfish program from Lenovo laptops, Reuters, Feb. 20, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/21/us-lenovo-cybersecurity-dhs-id... Rex Santus, Lenovo hit with lawsuit over Superfish adware fiasco, Mashable, Feb. 23, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/02/23/lenovo-superfish-lawsuit/#dVMrRYl2xuqJ; Dan Goodin, Lenovo PCs ship with man-in-the-middle adware that breaks HTTPS connections [Updated], Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/lenovo-pcs-ship-with-man-in-the-....

53 GFK Survey on Data Privacy and Trust, GFK, 2014, available at http://www.gfk.com/Documents/GfK-Privacy-Survey.pdf.

54 Press Release, Snapchat Settles FTC Charges That Promises of Disappearing Messages Were False, May 8, 2014, available at https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2014/05/snapchat-settles-... Felix Gillette, SnapChat and the Erasable Future of Social Media, Bloomberg Business, Feb. 7, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-02-07/snapchat-and-the-erasabl... Kashmir Hill, Snapchats Don't Disappear: Forensics Firm Has Pulled Dozens of Supposedly-Deleted Photos From Android Phones, May 9, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/05/09/snapchats-dont-disapp....

55 David Kravets, Despite privacy policy, RadioShack customer data up for sale in auction, Ars Technica, Mar. 24, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/03/despite-privacy-policy-radios... Megan Geuss, FTC proposes a compromise so RadioShack can sell consumer data, Ars Technica, May 18, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/05/ftc-proposes-a-compromise-so-... Jared Newman, RadioShack puts customer personal data up for sale in bankruptcy auction, PC World, Mar. 25, 2015, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2901028/radioshack-puts-customers-persona... Chris Isodore, RadioShack sale protects most customer data, CNNMoney, June 10, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/10/news/companies/radioshack-customer-data-....

56 See Federal Trade Commission, Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change ii (Mar. 2012), available at http://ftc.gov/ os/2012/03/120326privacyreport.pdf.

57 Drew Grant, Etsy’s Social Media DIY-saster, Salon, Mar. 15, 2011, http://www.salon.com/2011/03/15/etsy_privacy_people_search/; Jacqui Cheng, Etsy Reacts to User Outrage, Makes Changes to Feedback System, Ars Technica: Ministry of Innovation, Mar. 15, 2011, http://arstechnica.com/business/2011/03/etsy-reacts-to-user-outrage-make... Cory Doctorow, Etsy’s Privacy Valdez: Opt-Out Policy Exposes Users’ Real Names and Purchase Histories – Updated, BoingBoing, Mar. 15, 2011, http://boingboing.net/2011/03/15/etsys-privacy-valdez.html.

58 Aleecia M. McDonald & Lorrie Faith Cranor, The Cost of Reading Privacy Policies, 4 I/S: J. L. & Pol’y for Info. Soc. 3, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/ students/groups/is/files/2012/02/Cranor_Formatted_Final.pdf.

59 Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, Verizon Injecting Perma-Cookies to Track Mobile Customers, Bypassing Privacy Controls, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Nov. 3, 2014, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/11/verizon-x-uidh; Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, Under Senate Pressure, Verizon Plans Supercookie Opt-Out, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Feb. 2, 2015, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/02/under-senate-pressure-verizon-impr... Robert McMillan, Verizon’s ‘Perma-Cookie’ Is a Privacy-Killing Machine, Wired.com, Oct. 27, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/10/verizons-perma-cookie/; Mario Trujillo, Dems press Verizon on tracking 'supercookies', The Hill, Jan. 29, 2015, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/231202-dems-question-verizon-on-pri....

60 Adam Liptak, Court Leaves the Door Open for Safety System Wiretaps, N.Y. Times, Dec. 21, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/21/ automobiles/court-leaves-the-door-open-for-safety-system-wiretaps.html.

61 83% OF Global Internet Users Believe Affordable Access to the Internet Should be a Basic Human Right, Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Nov. 24, 2015, available at https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/survey/factum.pdf.

62  Megan Guess, Privacy advocate tells FTC that Samsung smart TVs are “deceptive”, Ars Technica, Feb. 26, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/02/privacy-advocate-tells-ftc-th... Letter from Senator Al Franken to Gregory Lee, CEO of Samsung Electronics North America, Feb. 11, 2015, available at https://www.franken.senate.gov/files/documents/150211PrivacySamsungLette... Shane Harris, Your Samsung SmartTV is Spying on You, Basically, The Daily Beast, Feb. 5, 2015, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/05/your-samsung-smarttv-is... Left: Samsung SmartTV privacy policy, warning users not to discuss personal info in front of their TV Right: 1984, @xor, Twitter.com, https://twitter.com/xor/status/564356757007261696/photo/1; Samuel Gibbs, Samsung smart TVs send unencrypted voice recognition data across internet, The Guardian, Feb. 19, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/19/samsung-smart-tvs-send... Natasha Loma, Samsung Edits Orwellian Clause Out of TV Privacy Policy, TechCrunch, Feb. 10, 2015, http://techcrunch.com/2015/02/10/smarttv-privacy/#2TE26n:q5we.

63 See Complaint, In re: Goldenshores Technologies, Federal Trade Commission, available at https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/131205goldenshor... Joseph Steinberg, This Flashlight Android App Has Been Secretly And Illegally Sharing Your Personal Data With Advertisers, Forbes.com, Dec. 6, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2013/12/06/this-flashlight-a... Charles Arthur, Android torch app with over 50m downloads silently sent user location and device data to advertisers, the Guardian, Dec. 6, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/06/android-app-50m-downlo... Anne Flaherty, Android flashlight app transmitted users’ locations, FTC says, San Jose Mercury News, Dec. 5, 2013, http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24662053/android-flashlight-app-t... Press Release, Android Flashlight App Developer Settles FTC Charges It Deceived Customers¸Federal Trade Commission, Dec. 5, 2013.

64 Andrea Peterson, Court docs: Microsoft searched through blogger’s e-mail to track down alleged leaker, Wash.Post, Mar. 20, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/03/20/court-docs-... Ina Fried, Microsoft Says It Will Tighten Policies for Searching Hotmail, Outlook.com, re/code, Mar. 3, 2014, http://recode.net/2014/03/20/microsoft-says-will-tighten-its-policies-fo....

65 Even the Editor of Facebook's Mood Study Thought It Was Creepy, The Atlantic, June 29, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/even-the-editor-of... James Grimmelman, Do You Consent?, The Atlantic, May 27, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/05/facebook_e... Samuel Gibbs, Facebook Apologizes for psychological experiments on users, The Guardian, July 2, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/02/facebook-apologises-ps... Facebook changes research methods after controversial secret study, CTV News, Oct. 3, 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/facebook-changes-research-methods-after-c....

66 Molly Wood, Google Buzz: Privacy Nightmare, CNet News, Feb. 10, 2010, http://news.cnet.com/8301-31322_3-10451428-256.html; Chris Morran, Google Buzz Makes Private Contact Info Public, Consumerist, Feb. 11, 2010, http://consumerist.com/2010/02/google-buzz-makes-private-contact-info-pu... Nancy Gohring, EPIC Files Privacy Complaint Against Google Buzz, ComputerWorld, Feb. 16, 2010, http://www.computerworld.com/s/ article/9157878/EPIC_files_privacy_complaint_against_Google_Buzz; Tom Krazit, Google Settles Buzz Lawsuit for $8.5M, CNet News, Sept. 3, 2010, http://news.cnet.com/8301-30684_3-20015620-265.html; Catharine Smith, Google Buzz Gets the Ax, As Do Others in ‘Fall Sweep,’ Huffington Post, Oct. 14, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2011/10/14/google-buzz-igoogle-fall-sweep_n_1011306.html.

67 A World of Paradoxes: The EMC Privacy Index, EMC2, 2015, available at http://www.emc.com/campaign/privacy-index/global.htm .

68 Ken Walters, Online Consumers Willing to Pay for Privacy, Carnegie Mellon U. Blog, July 7, 2011, http://www.cmu.edu/news/blog/2011/ Summer/paying-for-privacy.shtml.

69 Press Release, Federal Trade Commission, FTC Accepts Final Settlement with Online Advertiser Scan Scout, Which Allegedly Used Flash Cookies to Track Consumers, Dec. 21, 2011, http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/12/scanscout.shtm; Matt O’Donnell, AOL, Brightcove & ScanScout Online Tracking Class Action Lawsuit, Top Class Actions, Aug. 24, 2011, http://www. topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/1334-aol-brightcove-a-scanscout-online-tracking-class-action-lawsuit.

70 Press Release, Federal Trade Comm’n, Google Will Pay $22.5 Million to Settle FTC Charges It Misrepresented Privacy Assurances to Users of Apple’s Safari Internet Browser, Aug. 9, 2012, http://ftc.gov/opa/2012/08/google.shtm.

71 Press Release, Federal Trade Comm’n, Google Will Pay $22.5 Million to Settle FTC Charges It Misrepresented Privacy Assurances to Users of Apple’s Safari Internet Browser, Aug. 9, 2012, http://ftc.gov/opa/2012/08/google.shtm; Peter Pachal, Google’s Safari Tracking: Here Come the Lawsuits, Mashable, Feb. 22, 2012, http://mashable.com/2012/02/22/google-sued-over-safari-tracking/; Julia Angwin & Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Google’s iPhone Tracking, Wall St. J., Feb. 17, 2012, online.wsj.com/article_email/ SB10001424052970204880404577225380456599176-lMyQjAxMTAyMDEwNjExNDYyWj.html; David Kravets, FTC Dings Google $22.5M in Safari Cookie Flap, Wired: Threat Level, Aug. 9, 2012, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/08/ ftc-google-cookie/; Peter Eckersley et al., Google Circumvents Safari Privacy Protections—This Is Why We Need Do Not Track, Deeplinks, Feb. 16, 2012, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/02/time-make-amends-google-circumvent....

72 Joel Kelsey & Michael McCauley, Consumer Reports Poll: Americans Extremely Concerned About Internet Privacy, Consumers Union, Sept. 25, 2008, http://www.consumersunion.org/pub/core_telecom_and_utilities/006189.htm.

73 Shoppers Conflicted on How Personal to Get, Accenture, 2015, available at https://www.accenture.com/t20150527T203209__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/Accentur....

74 David Lumb, Want to See a Sliver of What Google Knows About You?, Fast Company, April 21, 2015, https://www.fastcompany.com/3045292/fast-feed/want-to-see-a-sliver-of-wh... J.R. Raphael, Meet Google’s ‘Data Liberation Front,’ PCWorld, Sept. 14, 2009, http://www.pcworld.com/article/171966/meet_googles_data_ liberation_front.html.

75 Megan Geuss, Paying $20 to delete your Ashley Madison profile was probably a bad idea, Ars Technica, July 20, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/07/cheaters-hook-up-site-ashley-mad... What Ashley Madison did and did NOT delete if you paid $19 – and why it may cost it $5m+, The Register, Aug. 25, 2015, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/25/us_class_action_ashley_madison/.

76 Michael Liedtke, Netflix Class Action Settlement: Service Pays $9 Million After Allegations of Privacy Violations, Huffington Post, Feb. 10, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/11/netflix-class-action-settlement....

77 Joe Palazzolo, Apple Tells Court it Can’t Unlock New iPhones, Wall Street Journal Law Blog, Oct. 20, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/10/20/apple-tells-court-it-cant-unlock-new... Sarah Jeong, Apple Resists Giving iPhone Data to Police, Vice, Oct. 21, 2015, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/apple-resists-opening-iphone-data-to-po... Nate Raymond, Apple tells U.S. judge 'impossible' to unlock new iPhones, Reuters, Oct. 20, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/21/us-apple-court-encryption-idUS... Sam Shead, Apple is refusing to unlock an iPhone 5s for US law enforcement, Business Inside, Oct. 26, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-is-refusing-to-unlock-an-iphone-5s-....

78 Joseph Menn, Exclusive: Secret contract tied NSA and security industry pioneer, Reuters, Dec. 20, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/21/us-usa-security-rsa-idUSBRE9BJ... Matt Blaze, How Worried Should We Be About the Alleged RSA-NSA Scheming?, Dec. 27, 2013, http://www.wired.com/2013/12/what-we-really-lost-with-the-rsa-nsa-revela... Mike Masnick, A Bunch Of Security Researchers Cancel Appearance At RSA's Conference To Protest Selling Out To NSA, Techdirt.com, Jan. 7, 2014, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140106/17093025780/bunch-security-re....

79 Declan McCullagh, Amazon Fights Demands for Customer Records, CNet News, Apr. 19, 2010, http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3- 20002870-38.html; Press Release, American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU Intervenes in Lawsuit to Protect Amazon Users’ Personal Information, June 23, 2010, http://www.aclu.org/free-speech-technology-and-liberty/aclu-intervenes-l... Amy Martinez, ACLU, Amazon End Fight with N. Carolina Over Privacy, Seattle Times, Feb. 9, 2011, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/ businesstechnology/2014178437_amazontax10.html; Amazon to collect NC sales tax, WRAL.com, http://www.wral.com/Amazon_to_collect_NC_sales_tax/13310401/; Declan McCullagh, Amazon wins fight to keep customer records private, CNET.com, Oct. 25, 2010, http://www.cnet.com/news/amazon-wins-fight-to-keep-customer-records-priv....

80 Craig Timberg, Apple, Facebook, others defy authorities, increasingly notify users of secret data demands after Snowden revelations, Wash. Post, May 1, 2014, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/apple-facebook-others....

81 Barton Gellman, Twitter, Wikileaks, and the Broken Market for Consumer Privacy, Time: Techland, Jan. 14, 2011, http://techland.time. com/2011/01/14/twitter-wikileaks-and-the-broken-market-for-consumer-privacy/; Alexia Tsotsis, Twitter Informs Users of DOJ WikiLeaks Court Order, Didn’t Have To, TechCrunch, Jan. 7, 2011, http://techcrunch. com/2011/01/07/twitter-informs-users-of-doj-wikileaks-court-order-didnt-have-to/.

82 See, e.g., Eric Lichtblau, F.B.I. Gained Unauthorized Access to E-Mail, N.Y. Times, Feb. 17, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/ washington/17fisa.html.

83 Chris Sonderby, Fighting Bulk Search Warrants In Court, Facebook, June 26, 2014, https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-security/fighting-bulk-search-wa... James C. McKinley, Jr., Facebook Loses Appeal on New York Search Warrants, New York Times, July 21, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/22/technology/facebook-loses-appeal-on-ne... Vindu Goel and James C. McKinley, Jr., Forced to Hand Over Data, Facebook Files Appeal, N.Y. Times, June 26, 2014, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/technology/facebook-battles-manhattan-... Joe Miller, US tech companies rally behind Facebook in privacy case, BBC News, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28739329.

84 Andrew Orlowski, Google vows: We'll keep hoarding your porn queries, The Register, Aug. 12, 2006, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/12/google_search_hoard_promise/; Saul Hansell, Increasingly, Internet’s Data Trail Leads to Court, New York Times, Feb. 4, 2006, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/04/technology/04privacy.html?n=Top%2FNews....

85 See Mike Issac, Reddit issues first transparency report, New York Times, Jan. 29, 2015, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/reddits-issues-first-transparen... Jeremy Kessel, Twitter Transparency Report, July 2, 2012, http://blog.twitter.com/2012/07/twitter-transparency-report.html; Google Transparency Report, http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/; Eva Galperin, It’s Time for Transparency Reports to Become the New Normal, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Jan. 29, 2013, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/01/its-time-transparency-reports-beco....

86 For example, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the federal law intended to protect the privacy of electronic communications and online data, has not been meaningfully updated since its enactment in 1986—before the Web, social media, and other widespread modern technologies even existed. See ECPA, http://dotrights.org/ECPA.

87 Collen Kriel, California Senate says cops need warrant to search smartphones, tablets, SiliconAngle, June 4, 2015, http://siliconangle.com/blog/2015/06/04/california-senate-says-cops-need... California Electronic Communications Privacy Act (CalECPA) - SB 178, ACLU of Northern California, https://www.aclunc.org/our-work/legislation/calecpa.

88 Alex Wilhelm, Tech Giants Pile On In Support Of The NSA-Curtailing USA FREEDOM Act, TechCrunch, May 11, 2015, http://techcrunch.com/2015/05/11/tech-giants-pile-on-in-support-of-the-n... Reform Government Surveillance, https://www.reformgovernmentsurveillance.com/; Paul Lewis, Tech giants' demand for NSA reform 'a major game-changer', advocates say, The Guardian, Dec. 9, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/tech-giants-nsa-reform-surv... Craig Timberg, Major tech companies unite to call for new limits on surveillance, Wash. Post, Dec. 9, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/major-tech-companies-....

89 Jon Brodkin, FCC votes for net neutrality, a ban on paid fast lanes, and Title II, Ars Technica, Feb. 26, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/02/fcc-votes-for-net-neutrality-a-b....

90 Stuart Dredge, Apple removed drone-strike apps from App Store due to 'objectionable content', the Guardian, Sept. 30, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/30/apple-removing-drone-strikes-app; Jim Lynch, Tim Cook Takes Apple Down the Dark Road of Censorship, CIO.com, June 25, 2015, http://www.cio.com/article/2940563/operating-systems/apple-removes-apps-... Matt Peckham, Apple’s Wrongheaded, Dangerous Censorship of Satirical Sweatshop for iPad, Time.com Techland, Mar. 22, 2013, http://techland.time.com/2013/03/22/apples-wrongheaded-dangerous-censors....

91 See Linda Lye, Political Speech on Facebook: Like This, Bytes & Pieces, Aug. 13, 2012, https://www.aclunc.org/issues/technology/blog/ political_speech_on_facebook_like_this.shtml; U.S. Politics on Facebook, Less Than 100 Days Until Election, Facebook Offers Tips for Campaigns, Aug. 1, 2012, https://www.facebook.com/ notes/us-politics-on-facebook/less-than-100-days-until-election-facebook-offers-tips-for-campaigns/10150937198965882.

92 What names are allowed on Facebook?, Facebook, (last visited Nov. 29, 2015), https://www.facebook.com/help/112146705538576; Jay Michaelson, Facebook’s ‘Real Name Policy’ is a Real Drag, The Daily Beast, Sept. 18, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/18/facebook-s-real-name-po... Abby Philip, Online ‘authenticity’ and how Facebook’s ‘real name’ policy hurts Native Americans, Wash. Post, Feb. 10, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/02/10/online-aut... Samantha Allen, How Facebook Exposes Domestic Violence Survivors, The Daily Beast, May 20, 2015, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/20/how-facebook-exposes-do... Andrew Tarantola, Facebook changes ‘Real Name’ policy rules after public outcry, Engadget, Oct. 30, 2015, http://www.engadget.com/2015/10/30/facebook-changes-real-name-policy-rul... Matt Cagle, Facebook, It's Time to Fix Your Real Names Policy, ACLU of Northern California, Oct. 5, 2015, https://www.aclunc.org/blog/facebook-its-time-fix-your-real-names-policy.

93 Cory Doctorow, Google Plus Forces Us to Discuss Identity, Guardian (UK), Aug. 30, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/ blog/2011/aug/30/google-plus-discuss-identity; Skud, Preliminary Results of My Survey of Suspended Google+ Accounts, July 25, 2011, http://infotrope.net/2011/07/25/preliminary-results-of-my-survey-of-susp... Leslie Horn, William Shatner’s Profile Briefly Removed from Google+, PCMag.com, July 18, 2011, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2388640,00.asp; Jon Brodkin, Google Shifts Stance on Google+ Anonymity, Will Support Pseudonyms, Ars Technica: Law & Disorder, Oct. 20, 2011, http:// arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/10/google-shifts-stance-on-google-anonymity-will-support-pseudonyms/.

94 Hayley Tsukayama, Instagram will unblock the #curvy hashtag, Wash. Post, July 23, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/07/23/instagram-w... Aemilia Madden, The Controversial Instagram Hashtag Ban That Has Everyone Talking, Popsugar, July 19, 2015, http://www.popsugar.com/fashion/Instagram-Banned-Hashtag-Curvy-37911948#....

95 Jenna Wortham, Apple’s Siri Stumbles Over an Abortion Question, N.Y. Times: Bits, Nov. 29, 2011, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/ siri-struggles-to-serve-up-certain-results/.

96 See Sarah Jeong, The Internet of Garbage , Fortune Signature Series (2015).; Michael McWhertor, The League of Legends team of scientists trying to cure 'toxic behavior' online, Polygon.com, Oct. 13, 2012, https://www.polygon.com/2012/10/17/3515178/the-league-of-legends-team-of...; Laura Hudson, Curbing Online Abuse Isn’t Impossible. Here’s Where We Start, Wired.com, May 15, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/05/fighting-online-harassment/.

97 Vindu Goel, Twitter Improves Tools for Users to Report Harrassment, New York Times, Dec. 2, 2014, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/twitter-improves-tools-for-user... Mat Honan, Twitter Beefs Up Its Anti-Troll Tools, Wired, Dec. 2, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/12/twitter-beefs-anti-troll-tools/; Ian Sherr, Twitter updates harassment reporting and blocking tools, CNET, Dec. 2, 2014, http://www.cnet.com/news/twitter-updates-harassment-reporting-and-blocki....

98 Patrick Howell O’Neill, Facebook Now Supports Tor, The Daily Dot, Oct. 31, 2014, http://www.dailydot.com/politics/facebook-tor-explained/; Andy Greenberg, Why Facebook Just Launched Its Own ‘Dark Web’ Site, Wired, Oct. 31, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/10/facebook-tor-dark-site/.

99 David Kravets, AT&T: Holding FaceTime Hostage Is No Net-Neutrality Breach, Wired: Threat Level, Aug. 22, 2012, http://www.wired.com/ threatlevel/2012/08/facetime-net-neutrality-flap/; David P. Willis, Is AT&T Slapping Consumers in Face over FaceTime?, Press on Your Side, Aug. 24, 2012, http://blogs.app.com/ pressonyourside/2012/08/24/is-att-slapping-consumers-in-face-over-facetime/; Tony Bradley, AT&T FaceTime Restriction is Simple Extortion, PCWorld, Aug. 22, 2012, http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/ article/261258/atandt_facetime_restriction_is_simple_extortion.html.

100 Declan McCullagh, Instagram says it now has the right to sell your photos, CNET.com, Dec. 17, 2012, http://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-says-it-now-has-the-right-to-sell-you... Users flee Instagram after privacy outcry, Fox News, Dec. 28, 2012, http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/12/28/users-flee-instagram-after-privac... Cord Jefferson, Instagram’s Absurd New Terms of Use Agreement Is Already Being Called Its 'Suicide Note’, Gawker, Dec. 17, 2012, http://gawker.com/5969225/instagrams-absurd-new-terms-of-use-agreement-i... Thank you, and We’re Listening, Instagram blog, Dec. 18, 2012, http://blog.instagram.com/post/38252135408/thank-you-and-were-listening.

101 71% of Americans Care Deeply about their Online Privacy Amid Recent Privacy Concerns, Business Wire, July 29, 2014, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140729006077/en/71-Americans-Car....

102 Georgia Wells, LinkedIn Pays $13 Million Over Pestering Members’ Contacts, Wall Street Journal Digits Blog, Oct. 5, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/10/05/linkedin-pays-13-million-over-pes....

103 Violet Blue, PayPal Strong-Arms Indie Ebook Publishers over Erotic Content, ZDNet: Pulp Tech, Feb. 27, 2012, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/ violetblue/paypal-strong-arms-indie-ebook-publishers-over-erotic-content/1097; Suw Charman-Anderson, Credit Card Companies Should Process Payments Not Censor Content, Forbes, Mar. 9, 2012, http://www.forbes. com/sites/suwcharmananderson/2012/03/09/credit-card-companies-should-process-payments-not-censor-content/; Nick McCann, PayPal Narrows Boycott of ‘Obscene’ Publishers, Courthouse News Serv., Mar. 14, 2012, http://www.courthousenews. com/2012/03/14/44701.htm.

104 Purvi Thacker, Instagram apologizes to woman for censoring her photo, New York Times, Mar. 27, 2015, http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/03/27/instagram-apologiz... Macy Williams, This Image Is Raising an Important Discussion About Women, Popsugar, Mar. 2, 2015, http://www.popsugar.com/love/Rupi-Kaur-Period-Photo-37167701; Radhika Sanghani, Instagram deletes woman's period photos - but her response is amazing, The Telegraph, Mar. 30, 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/instagram-deletes-womans-period-ph... Instagram Community Guidelines, https://help.instagram.com/477434105621119/.

105 Violet Blue, Facebook nymwars: Disproportionately outing LGBT performers, users furious, ZDNet, Sept. 12, 2014, http://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-nymwars-disproportionately-outing-... Nadia Drake, Help, I’m Trapped in Facebook’s Absurd Pseudonym Purgatory, Wired.com, June 19, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/06/facebook-real-name-policy-problems/.

106 Post by u/krispykrackers, On Shadowbans, reddit, July 28, 2015, https://np.reddit.com/r/self/comments/3ey0fv/on_shadowbans/; Catherine Shu, Reddit Replaces Its Confusing Shadowban System with Account Suspensions,TechCrunch, Nov. 11, 2015, http://techcrunch.com/2015/11/11/reddit-account-suspensions/.

107 Lee Rowland, Citizens of Johnson County vs. Two Bare Breasts, ACLU Speak Freely Blog, Sept. 20, 2013, https://www.aclu.org/blog/citizens-johnson-county-v-two-bare-breasts?red... Kevin Colier, Facebook Censors ACLU Screed about Censoring Boobs, Daily Dot, Sept. 26, 2013, http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/facebook-aclu-boob-censorship/; Facebook Community Standards, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards.

108 Sarah Perez, Blogging Platform Medium Takes A Firmer Stance On Harassment And Revenge Porn, Jul. 28, 2015, http://techcrunch.com/2015/07/28/blogging-platform-medium-takes-a-firmer...

109 Brian Pellot, What Google’s ‘Don’t be evil’ motto means for religious freedom and free expression, Religion News Service, Mar. 6, 2014, http://brianpellot.religionnews.com/2014/03/06/google-youtube-religious-....

110 Mikaela Conley, Breastfeeding Advocates Protest Facebook with Nurse-In, ABC Good Morning America, Feb. 8, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/ Health/breastfeeding-advocates-hold-facebook-protest/story?id=15530012#.UDghttZlR1w; Emil Protalinski, Facebook Clarifies Breastfeeding Photo Policy, ZDNet: Friending Facebook, Feb. 7, 2012, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/ facebook-clarifies-breastfeeding-photo-policy/8791; Josh Wolford, Facebook Continues to Yank Breastfeeding Photos, WebProNews, Feb. 20, 2012, http://www.webpronews.com/facebook-continues-to-yank-breastfeeding-photo... Alicia Eler, Facebook Bans Breast-Feeding Photos, ReadWriteWeb, Feb. 6, 2012, http://www. readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_bans_breast-feeding_photos.php; Mark Prigg, Facebook backtracks on breastfeeding picture policy and tells mothers their images are 'natural and beautiful', Daily Mail, June 13, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2657412/Facebook-forced-c....

111 Christopher Hooten, Sochi Olympics sponsor Coca-Cola wants to share a Coke, but not with gay people, The Independent, Jan. 28, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sochi-olympics-sponsor-coca-cola... Dina Exil, Coca-Cola Criticized For Banning Homophobic Slurs in Winter Olympics Campaign, Food World News, Jan. 28, 2014, http://www.foodworldnews.com/articles/5027/20140128/coca-cola-criticized... JamesMichael Nichols, Coca-Cola Apologizes for “Share a Coke” Promotion Deemed Homophobic, Huffington Post, Jan. 28, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/28/coca-cola-apologizes-share-a-co....

112 Michal Humphrey, Twitter, Guy Adams, and the Cost of Being a User, Forbes, July 31, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ michaelhumphrey/2012/07/31/twitter-guy-adams-and-the-cost-of-being-a-user/; Katie Rogers, Twitter ‘Sorry’ for Suspending Guy Adams as NBC Withdraws Complaint, Guardian (UK), July 31, 2012, http://www.guardian. co.uk/technology/2012/jul/31/guy-adams-twitter-growing-pains.

113 Hashtags in Popular Culture, Popular Culture, Oct. 23, 2013, https://psupopculture.wordpress.com/2013/10/23/hashtags-in-popular-cultu... Ashley Parker, Twitter’s Secret Handshake, New York Times, June 10, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/fashion/hashtags-a-new-way-for-tweets-... Claire Caine Miller, Twitter Serves Up Ideas From Its Followers, New York Times, Oct. 25, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html.

114 Megan Guess, Keurig says it was wrong to force users to buy single-serving pods, Ars Technica, May 7, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/05/keurig-stock-drops-10-percent-sa... Karl Bode, Keurig CEO Sort Of (But Not Really) Apologizes For Company's Ridiculous Foray Into Obnoxious Coffee DRM, Techdirt.com, May 8, 2015, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150508/06582730934/keurig-ceo-sort-a....

115 Press Release, Changes Coming to the iTunes Store, Jan. 6, 2009, https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/06Changes-Coming-to-the-iTunes-... Mike Ingram, Behind Apple’s decision to drop anti-copying measures in iTunes, World Socialist News Site, Jan. 19, 2009, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/appl-j19.html; Brad Stone, Want to Copy iTunes Music? Go Ahead, Apple Says, New York Times, Jan. 6, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/technology/companies/07apple.html?_r=0; Ed Hardy, Apple Removes DRM Restrictions from iTunes, Brighthand, http://www.brighthand.com/news/apple-removes-drm-restrictions-from-itunes/.

116 Clint Boulton, Google Admits to, Fixes Video Refund Gaffe, eWeek: Google Watch, Aug. 21, 2007, http://googlewatch.eweek.com/content/ google_video/google_admits_to_fixes_video_refund_gaffe.html.

117 Tom Warren, Microsoft details Xbox One 24-hour online check, used game policies, and Kinect privacy , The Verge, June 6, 2013, http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/6/4403936/xbox-one-online-requirements-de... Keith Stuart, Xbox One DRM restrictions dropped after gamer outcry, the Guardian, June 19, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/19/xbox-one-drm-second-ha... Ryan Rigney, Xbox 180: Microsoft Fully Reverses Xbox One’s DRM Policies, Wired.com, June 19, 2013, http://www.wired.com/2013/06/xbox-one-drm/; Chris Plante, Opinion: Xbox One policy is a lovely marriage proposal to big corporations, Polygon, http://www.polygon.com/2013/6/7/4406170/xbox-one-internet-trade-policy; William Usher, Amazon Pre-Orders For PS4, Xbox One Sold At 2,500 Units Per Minute, CinemaBlend, http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Amazon-Pre-Orders-PS4-Xbox-One-Sold-2-5....

118 Brad Stone, Amazon Erases Orwell Books from Kindle, N.Y. Times, July 17, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/ companies/18amazon.html; David Pogue, Some E-Books Are More Equal than Others, N.Y. Times: Pogue’s Posts, July 17, 2009, http://pogue.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/17/ some-e-books-are-more-equal-than-others/; Ina Fried, Amazon Says It Won’t Repeat Kindle Book Recall, CNet News, July 17, 2009, http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10290047-56.html.

119 Joe Lynch, Left Shark Seller Won't Back Down From Katy Perry, Billboard, Feb. 10, 2015, http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6465787/left-shark-seller-katy-pe... Jeff Roberts, Left Shark printer chomps on Katy Perry’s copyright claim, Gigaom, Feb. 9, 2015, https://gigaom.com/2015/02/09/left-shark-printer-chomps-on-katy-perrys-c... Mike Masnick, Can't Make This Up: Katy Perry's Lawyers Use Left Shark Photo Taken By Guy They're Threatening In Trademark Application, Techdirt.com, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150211/12073529990/cant-make-this-up....

120 Lisa DiCarlo, Apple Bites the Fans that Feed It, Forbes, Jan. 7, 2005, http://www.forbes.com/2005/01/07/cx_ld_0107apple.html; Electronic Frontier Foundation, Apple v. Does, https://www.eff.org/cases/apple-v-does.

121 Brent Lang, WikiLeaks Publishes Thousands of Hacked Sony Documents, Variety, April 16, 2015, https://variety.com/2015/film/news/wikileaks-sony-hack-1201473964/; Michael Cieply and Brooks Barnes, Sony Pictures Demands That News Agencies Delete ‘Stolen’ Data, New York Times, Dec. 14, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/15/business/sony-pictures-demands-that-ne... Ashley Feinberg, The Streisand Effect: Celebrating 10 Years of Internet Pile-Ons, Gawker, Jan. 5, 2015, http://gizmodo.com/the-streisand-effect-celebrating-10-years-of-internet....

122 See 17 U.S.C. § 512 (i)(1)(A).

123 Electronic Frontier Foundation, Who Has Your Back? Protecting Your Speech from Copyright and Trademark Bullies, https://www.eff.org/pages/who-has-your-back-copyright-trademark-2014.

124 Maura Dolan, Order against posting of ‘Innocence of the Muslims’ Overturned, Los Angeles Times, May 18, 2015, available at http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-youtube-innocence-of-muslims-20150518-story.html; Andrew Kirell, Judge Napolitano: Google Is ‘Defending Freedom’ By Not Taking Down Innocence Of Muslims Video, Sept. 17, 2012, http://www.mediaite.com/tv/judge-napolitano-google-is-defending-freedom-....

125 Fred von Lohmann, A Step Toward Protecting Fair Use on YouTube, Google Public Policy Blog, Nov. 19, 2015, http://googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-toward-protecting-... YouTube’s Fair Use Protection, YouTube Copyright Center, https://youtube.com/yt/copyright/fair-use.html#yt-copyright-protection;https://youtube.com/yt/copyright/fair-use.html#yt-copyright-protection; Cecilia Kang, YouTube to Pay Fees for Some Video Makers to Fight Takedowns, New York Times, Nov. 19, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/20/technology/youtube-to-pay-fees-for-som... Saba Hamedy, YouTube takes step toward protecting creators from copyright claims, Mashable, http://mashable.com/2015/11/19/youtube-takes-step-toward-protecting-fair-use/#izzMu_Y525qg;http://mashable.com/2015/11/19/youtube-takes-step-toward-protecting-fair... Amul Kalia, YouTube Backs Its Users With New Fair Use Protection Program, EFF, Nov. 19, 2015, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/11/youtube-backs-its-users-new-fair-u... Erik Stallman, Fair Use Gets a Legal Defense Fund and a Highlight Reel, Center for Democracy & Technology, Nov. 19, 2015, https://cdt.org/blog/fair-use-gets-a-legal-defense-fund-and-a-highlight-reel/;19, 2015, https://cdt.org/blog/fair-use-gets-a-legal-defense-fund-and-a-highlight-... Jeff John Roberts, Why YouTube’s New Copyright Campaign is a Game-Changer, Fortune, Nov. 19, 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/11/19/youtube-copyright-legal-fund/; Mike Masnick, YouTube Puts Some Monetary Weight Behind Fighting For Fair Use: Others Should Too, TechDirt, Nov. 20, 2015, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20151119/17030232866/youtube-puts-some....

126 Alex Hern, WordPress in court victory over blogger censored by ‘Straight Pride UK’, The Guardian, Mar. 9, 2015, available at http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/09/wordpress-in-court-victory-over-blogger-censored-by-straight-pride-uk; Parker Higgins, WordPress Goes to Court to Defend Censored Bloggers, Mediashift, Dec. 12, 2013, http://mediashift.org/2013/12/wordpress-goes-to-court-to-defend-censored-bloggers/.

127 John Schwartz, Twitter Fighting Pennsylvania Subpoena Seeking Names of 2 Tweeters, N.Y. Times, May 20, 2010, www.nytimes. com/2010/05/21/technology/21twitter.html; David Kravets, Pennsylvania AG Dropping Twitter Subpoena, Wired: Threat Level, May 21, 2010, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/05/ twitter-subpoena-2/.

128 James Risley, A Victory for Anonymous Commenters: Appeals Court Protects Reviewer’s Identity, in Win for Avvo, GeekWire, July 7, 2015, http://www.geekwire.com/2015/a-victory-for-anonymous-commenters-state-ap... Connie Thompson, Seattle Case Could Affect ID Protection for Anonymous Online Reviewers, KOMO News, May 28, 2015,  http://www.komonews.com/news/consumer/Seattle-case-could-affect-I-D-prot....

129 Kimberly Chow, Virginia Supreme Court won't force Yelp to reveal identities of anonymous commenters, Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press, https://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/news/virginia-supreme-co....

130 EFF, PK, CDT, OTI and R Street's Amicus Brief, https://www.eff.org/document/amicus-brief-25; Jacob Gershman, Judge Puts Mississippi AG’s Google Probe on Ice, Wall. St. J., Mar. 2, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/03/02/judge-puts-ag-google-probe-on-ice/; Eric Lipton, Sued by Google, a State Attorney General Retreats, New York Times, Dec. 19, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/technology/google-attorney-general-jim... Electronic Frontier Foundation, Battle over Google Subpoenas Threatens Critical Online Speech Protections, Jan. 30, 2015, https://www.eff.org/press/releases/battle-over-google-subpoena-threatens....

131 Doug Gross, Virginia Deputy Fights His Firing over Facebook ‘Like,’ CNN, Aug. 13, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/10/tech/social-media/ deputy-fired-facebook-like/index.html; Dan Gillmor, Facebook ‘Likes’ Are Protected Free Speech. I’ll Give a Thumbs Up to That, The Guardian, Sept. 20, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/20/facebok-like-free-s... Lisa Vaas, Facebook “Likes” gain constitutional protection for US employees, Naked Security, Sept. 19, 2013, https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2013/09/19/facebook-likes-can-no-longer....

132 Cecilia Kang and Brian Fung, The FCC approves strong net neutrality rules, Wash. Post, Feb. 26, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/02/26/the-fcc-set... FCC Net Neutrality Reactions: Netflix, Apple-Cofounder Steve Wozniak Applaud Vote, The Wrap, Feb. 26, 2015, http://www.thewrap.com/fcc-net-neutrality-reactions-netflix-apple-co-fou....

133 Ellen Nakashima, Twitter sues U.S. government over limits on ability to disclose surveillance orders, Wash Post, Oct. 7, 2014, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/twitter-sues-us-g... Press Release, ACLU Comment on Twitter Lawsuit Challenging Government Restrictions on Surveillance Disclosures, Oct. 7 ,2014, ACLU, available at https://www.aclu.org/news/aclu-comment-twitter-lawsuit-challenging-government-restrictions-surveillance-disclosures.

134 Trevor Timm, How PIPA and SOPA Violate White House Principles on Free Speech and Innovation, EFF Deeplinks Blog, Jan. 16, 2012, https:// www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/01/how-pipa-and-sopa-violate-white-house-prin... Chenda Ngak, SOPA and PIPA Internet blackout aftermath, staggering numbers, CBS News, Dec. 19, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/sopa-and-pipa-internet-blackout-aftermath-st... Wikipedia Blackout: 11 Huge Sites Protest SOPA, PIPA on January 18, Huffington Post, Jan. 18, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/17/wikipedia-blackout_n_1212096.ht...

Share This: